human body temperature

text 154 words : Decreasing human body temperature in the United States since the Industrial Revolution

https://elifesciences.org/articles/49555

comprehension test about

video 1'09 : https://youtu.be/Q4f4z2vUO8Q?si=h6_N1L35vzZczPQb For more than 100 years, the general assumption has been that 98.6 degrees is the normal average body temperature. But studies show it has decreased in recent years. -----

video 5'43 : https://youtu.be/1Scf7ZJcPUY?si=0d_KVoTXCobnig5p In 1851 a German doctor named Carl Wunderlich conducted a yearslong study. He went room to room in his hospital with a thermometer, taking the temperatures of some 25,000 different patients to try and pin down the average human body temperature. And he did, seventeen years later, when he published a paper with that well-known metric of 37 degrees! He also gave us the first quantitative measurement for determining if someone has a fever. 38 degrees and above. And then for the next 140 years, we just accepted this number as correct. Despite the fact that Dr. Wunderlich collected this data using a comically large, foot-long thermometer that had to be held in a patient’s armpit for 20 minutes. Because believe it or not, portable thermometers small enough fit under your tongue weren’t invented until 1866. So it wasn’t until the 1990s that another doctor decided to revisit this question using more modern equipment. And he found that yeah, the average human body temperature is ACTUALLY around 36.8 degrees Celsius.

Fossil fuels

video 4'40: https://youtu.be/e9wiM_mUbXU What is oil even made of? Here's how fossil fuels form in the ocean and how scientists know where to find it.

text : https://www.livescience.com/9404-mysterious-origin-supply-oil.html

Zero Gravity, Zero Gain: The Genetics Behind Muscle Loss in Space

Simulated microgravity in mice reveals a constellation of genes that may influence muscle weakening during spaceflight.

Kamal Nahas, PhD Jan 29, 2024 | 4 min read

Floating through the weightlessness of space, astronauts seldom need to flex their muscles. Slowly diminishing in size and strength, their wasting muscles struggle to support their weight when they return to Earth.¹ Space travel’s next frontiers require long-haul odysseys, leaving scientists to contend with the toll of prolonged spaceflight on human anatomy. “Some people lose a ton of bone and muscle, and other individuals lose very little, so that suggests that, not surprisingly, genetic diversity plays a role,” said Henry Donahue, a biomedical scientist at Virginia Commonwealth University. Reporting in npj Microgravity, Donahue and his team placed genetically distinct mice in simulated gravity to explore whether genes influence muscle loss.² They found that some mice were more susceptible to muscle loss, but they spotted three genes that showed disrupted expression across all strains.

“Clearly this has implications for spaceflight and any future plans on inhabiting any sort of planets, including Mars,” said Stefan Judex, a biomedical engineer at Stony Brook University who was not involved with the work. However, Judex noted, “It must be viewed as a first step simply because this is a mouse study and not a human study.” 

In a previous animal study, scientists searched for the genetic culprits behind muscle weakening, but they used a single strain in order to limit unexplainable variation in the results.³ “That’s like doing a clinical trial on one person,” Donahue noted. Instead, his team used eight genetically distinct mouse strains to explore muscle loss across a diverse population.

248 words

https://www.the-scientist.com/news/zero-gravity-zero-gain-the-genetics-behind-muscle-loss-in-space-71612

Fossil fuels

video 4'40: https://youtu.be/e9wiM_mUbXU What is oil even made of? Here's how fossil fuels form in the ocean and how scientists know where to find it.

text : https://www.livescience.com/9404-mysterious-origin-supply-oil.html

 https://catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/the-facts-of-crucifixion.html

T. rex had lips, upending its enduring pop culture image

Whether carnivorous dinosaurs had lips has long been the stuff of palaeo-debate. A new study finds evidence that flesh covered the predators’ teeth.

By Riley Black

Published 31 Mar 2023, 14:55 BST

The fearsome jaws of Tyrannosaurus are famous. In museum halls, palaeo art, and even feature films such as Jurassic Park, the Cretaceous carnivore has traditionally been depicted with banana-size fangs and a sinister grin. But palaeontologists have now discovered that the living animal did not have a sharp-toothed smirk—T. rex, as well as many other carnivorous dinosaurs, had lips.

Reported today in Science, a multi-institution team of palaeontologists propose that carnivorous dinosaurs like T. rex and Allosaurus had fleshy lips covering their teeth, much as modern-day lizards do. The hypothesis will likely alter both the public image of dinosaurs as well as how palaeontologists study the ways these terrible lizards fed.

The new research got its start as discussions between co-authors Thomas Cullen, Kirstin Brink, and Derek Larson while all three were graduate students at the University of Toronto. Each had developed different expertise on dinosaurs and their anatomy, which began to meld together into tangible evidence for how dinosaurs like T. rex would have looked. (Read how billions of T. rex likely roamed Earth.)

Whether or not dinosaurs had lips has been a matter of debate among dinosaur fans and some experts for years. The arguments have often centered on whether the addition of lips, like fluffy body coverings, made dinosaurs less impressive and frightening to their adoring fans than the traditional, toothy renditions, and what evidence might justify such a change. The new study finally offers some tangible evidence to resolve the issue, moving beyond aesthetics to the biology of the extinct animals.

“There is a lot of interpretation in palaeo art. It’s nice to offer some scientific data to back it up,” says Brink, now a palaeontologist at the University of Manitoba.

286 words

https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/2023/03/t-rex-had-lips-upending-its-enduring-pop-culture-image

Zero Gravity, Zero Gain: The Genetics Behind Muscle Loss in Space

Simulated microgravity in mice reveals a constellation of genes that may influence muscle weakening during spaceflight.

Kamal Nahas, PhD Jan 29, 2024 | 4 min read

Floating through the weightlessness of space, astronauts seldom need to flex their muscles. Slowly diminishing in size and strength, their wasting muscles struggle to support their weight when they return to Earth.¹ Space travel’s next frontiers require long-haul odysseys, leaving scientists to contend with the toll of prolonged spaceflight on human anatomy. “Some people lose a ton of bone and muscle, and other individuals lose very little, so that suggests that, not surprisingly, genetic diversity plays a role,” said Henry Donahue, a biomedical scientist at Virginia Commonwealth University. Reporting in npj Microgravity, Donahue and his team placed genetically distinct mice in simulated gravity to explore whether genes influence muscle loss.² They found that some mice were more susceptible to muscle loss, but they spotted three genes that showed disrupted expression across all strains.

“Clearly this has implications for spaceflight and any future plans on inhabiting any sort of planets, including Mars,” said Stefan Judex, a biomedical engineer at Stony Brook University who was not involved with the work. However, Judex noted, “It must be viewed as a first step simply because this is a mouse study and not a human study.” 

In a previous animal study, scientists searched for the genetic culprits behind muscle weakening, but they used a single strain in order to limit unexplainable variation in the results.³ “That’s like doing a clinical trial on one person,” Donahue noted. Instead, his team used eight genetically distinct mouse strains to explore muscle loss across a diverse population.

248 words

https://www.the-scientist.com/news/zero-gravity-zero-gain-the-genetics-behind-muscle-loss-in-space-71612

how to prepare presentation - oral rules for the exam of DNL

video 12'26 : https://youtu.be/g78utcLQrJ4 Paul Andersen explains the process of photosynthesis by which plants and algae can convert carbon dioxide into useable sugar. He begins with a brief description of the chloroplast. He describes the major pigments in a plant (like chlorophyll a and b). He then describes both the light reaction and the Calvin cycle. He finishes with a discussion of photorespiration and strategies for avoiding this problem evolved in CAM and C4 plants.

video 3'54: https://youtu.be/Le7KOX91w7U Photosynthesis Intro and Light-Dependent Reactions

Video 5'51 : https://youtu.be/1D74e1BL_Jg Animated Music Photosynthesis is a two-part process that starts with the light reactions. See, step-by-step, how the plant uses energy from the sun to produce ATP and NADPH, the energy-rich compounds needed to produce sugar in the Calvin cycle, part two of photosynthesis. Watch how oxygen gas is formed and released to the air during this process - the very oxygen that sustains life on Earth! Suitable for high school through college-level students.

Video 5'13 : https://youtu.be/CvtbMdM4Wfo Animated Music Learn how the Calvin cycle, also called the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, helps plants make glucose, the plants' major source of fuel. See how the plant uses carbon dioxide from the air, enzymes, and ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to produce the three carbon sugar G3P, the building block of glucose. The three phases of the Calvin cycle: Carbon Fixation, PGA Reduction, and the Regeneration of RuBP are described in a unique, exciting way. Suitable for high school through college-level students.

2 - The sun, our source of energy

2.3 - Biological conversion of solare energy : photosynthesis

video 1'51 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1_uez5WX1o THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS SONG

text 208 words : https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/photosynthesis/

video 7'58 : https://youtu.be/CMiPYHNNg28 Explore one of the most fascinating processes plants can do: photosynthesis! In this Amoeba Sisters updated photosynthesis video, you will find a general overview of the light dependent and light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) and how they work together to ultimately produce glucose. This video also compares the photosynthesis equation to the equation in cellular respiration.

Quizz: Photosynthesis In Green Plants! : https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=photosynthesis-1

Photosynthesis Interactive games : https://biomanbio.com/HTML5GamesandLabs/PhotoRespgames/photointeractivehtml5page.html

Texts to choose in :

https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/

https://www.the-scientist.com/

https://www.newscientist.com/

presentation time : 5-10'

questions :

1a) Present the main ideas of the document using your own words.

1b) Using the document and your knowledge, justify - explain …

2) Give your opinion...

choosen texts :

1. : https://www.the-scientist.com/news/zero-gravity-zero-gain-the-genetics-behind-muscle-loss-in-space-71612

2. : https://www.the-scientist.com/news/a-gut-feeling-about-parkinson-s-disease-71605

3. : https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/2023/03/t-rex-had-lips-upending-its-enduring-pop-culture-image : https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/t-rex-lips-dinosaurs-paleontology-fossils

4. : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40122-023-00539-5

5. : https://www.the-scientist.com/news/a-gut-feeling-about-parkinson-s-disease-71605

6. : https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wetlands-made-salty-by-rising-seas-produce-more-heat-trapping-methane/

7. : https://www.the-scientist.com/news/how-plants-protect-their-dna-in-space-71603

8. : https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/human-pig-hybrid-created-in-the-lab

9. : https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-new-type-of-cancer-drug-shrinks-hard-to-treat-tumors/

10. : https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment-and-conservation/2023/04/new-marine-protected-area-in-the-maldives-would-offer-hope-for-the-reef-manta-ray

other texts to choose in :

https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/

https://www.the-scientist.com/

presentation time : 5-10'

questions :

1a) Present the main ideas of the document using your own words.

1b) Using the document and your knowledge, justify - explain …

2) Give your opinion...

Levels of Organization

text 610 words : https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/01%3A_The_Study_of_Life/1.08%3A__Themes_and_Concepts_of_Biology_-_Levels_of_Organization_of_Living_Things

text & pictures : https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/13-scales-universe/ The 13 scales that define our physical Universe

Practical work : draw a scale of life organization on the verso ...

Game : cycle cell : http://educationalgames.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/2001/cellcycle.html

Cell membrane

video 2'58 : https://youtu.be/RT61MUjogRo : Structure of the Cell Membrane

video 1'26 : https://youtu.be/LKN5sq5dtW4 : Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane

video 9'08 : https://youtu.be/qBCVVszQQNs?si=puUnC8xxrFPyFdw3 Explore the parts of the cell membrane with The Amoeba Sisters! Video discusses phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, peripheral proteins, integral proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids - as well as why the surface area to volume ratio is so important in cells. Expand for table of contents.

text 262 words : Cell Membrane Function and Structure : https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-membrane-373364

Inside the Cell Membrane

Structure of the Cell Membrane

Quiz: A Basic Questions On DNA : https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=dna-quiz_6

Quiz 2 : DNA Structure And Function: https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=ap-bio-ch-14-dna-structure-function_2dk

Video 4'21 : https://youtu.be/C1CRrtkWwu0?si=S-6XzogXx3zZqQcf Learn about the structure of DNA and how to recognize all the parts in this video!

Video 8'53 : https://youtu.be/_POdWsii7AI?si=YdzFpSj3P0x5de86 Concepts in this video can be found in our newer video: • DNA, Chromosomes, Genes, and Traits: An In...   ! Music in this video used w/ permission from Adrian Holovaty

Video 8'17 : https://youtu.be/8m6hHRlKwxY?si=dox4iIP1OtaRpFEz Explore DNA structure/function, chromosomes, genes, and traits and how this relates to heredity! Video can replace old DNA structure & function video and in addition covers foundational concepts of heredity. Expand details for video handout: http://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts and table of contents.

Video 5'58 : https://youtu.be/0E4p34mqJbg?si=O2FpArnEqpBp18xX DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a type of nucleic acid, one of four major types of macromolecules which are essential for life, along with proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides. DNA is a double helix, made up of two single DNA strands. Each DNA strand is in turn composed of many monomers called nucleotides – specifically deoxyribonucleotides. As a result, each strand is a polynucleotide....

DNA

video 4'21 : https://youtu.be/C1CRrtkWwu0?si=S-6XzogXx3zZqQcf Learn about the structure of DNA and how to recognize all the parts in this video!

Explore a historical timeline on the web :https://unlockinglifescode.org/timeline?tid=4

to get some more details : https://www.bioexplorer.net/history_of_biology/genetics/

https://www.bioexplorer.net/history_of_biology/biochemistry/

DNA from the begining : http://www.dnaftb.org/

DNALC animations feature stunning visualizations of cellular and molecular processes : https://dnalc.cshl.edu/resources/animations/

make your own timeline of genetics : https://www.timetoast.com/search/timelines?cx=partner-pub-3637961829875093%3Aehixnl-dg1y&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=genetic&sa=Search&siteurl=localhost%2F&ref=localhost%2Fcategories&ss=

Quiz: A Basic Questions On DNA : https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=dna-quiz_6

Quiz 2 : DNA Structure And Function: https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=ap-bio-ch-14-dna-structure-function_2dk

text 476 w : https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/dna

graphics from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26821/

Pro/eucaryotes

video 9'26 : https://youtu.be/8IlzKri08kk?si=5VhvGlbrNT2EijxZ Compares and contrasts prokaryote cells and eukaryote cells before exploring organelle structures and functions! Video includes the modern cell theory and plant vs. animal cell comparisons. See table of contents by expanding video details. 👇

text 279 words: https://www.bioexplorer.net/parts-of-cell-theory.html

 

Cell Theory Quiz: Test Your Knowledge! : https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=cell-theory-quiz-i

Microscopy

video 7'52 : https://youtu.be/mTzHxNMK0bU : Explore Leeuwenhoek's incredible discoveries in this New York Times' animated video. : https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/16/opinion/animated-life-seeing-the-invisible.html

text 236 words : Enhancing the Microscope Image : https://www.cellsalive.com/enhance0.htm

Cell theory

video 2'58 : https://youtu.be/M1wdIdCOk-Y What are cells | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool : So cells come in all shapes and forms and have all sorts of jobs, but they are all fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.

video 6'27 : https://youtu.be/JQVmkDUkZT4 : Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell What Are You? So. Are you your body? And if so, how exactly does this work? Lets explore lots of confusing questions. This video is part of a collaboration with CGPGrey. Are you your body?

text 348 words : https://www.bioexplorer.net/parts-of-cell-theory.html/

3 postulates of the cell theory :

1. every living thing is made up of cells or the product of cells, every element in animals is made up of cells or their products.

2. every cell is generated from pre-existing cells.

3. cells were the basic unit of life.